What is lookup value in Google Sheets?
Lookup Value is lookup vocabulary: how MATCH, VLOOKUP, XLOOKUP, FILTER, and QUERY decide which row or value to return. Exact vs approximate match and wildcard rules change outcomes more than beginners expect.
When to use it
Use this jargon when configuring lookups, criteria ranges, or match modes so the right row comes back.
When to skip it
Skip manual match-mode tuning when FILTER or QUERY with clear column conditions is easier to maintain.
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MATCH
MATCH searches a range for a value and returns its relative position. Feeding INDEX or OFFSET with MATCH replaces brittle column index math. Sorted approximate match modes support tier tables and date brackets.
Read guide →INDEX
INDEX fetches a value from a range by row and column number. Combined with MATCH it powers flexible lookups. Alone it picks nth items from lists, dynamic headers, or matrix intersections without VLOOKUP column limits.
Read guide →VLOOKUP
VLOOKUP searches the first column of a range for a key and returns a value from a specified column to the right. It is still everywhere in legacy templates even as XLOOKUP offers more flexible replacements.
Read guide →XLOOKUP
XLOOKUP searches a lookup array for a key and returns a matching value from a return array. It handles left lookups, approximate match, and custom not-found text without INDEX/MATCH gymnastics.
Read guide →Done reading about lookup value?
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